الملخص الإنجليزي
ABSTRACT:
Isodon rugosus Wall. ex Benth (IR) is one of the ethnomedicinal important plants of Gilgit-Baltistan, Northern Pakistan.
The present study aims to evaluate the micro-morphological features, phytochemical screening, and pharmacological
potential of IR. SEM and LM were used as an identification tool. Five different solvents were used to prepare IR
extracts. Phytochemical and antioxidant activities were determined calorimetrically. To investigate antidiabetic, α-
amylase inhibition assay was adopted. Cytotoxicity was tested using a brine shrimp assay. Anti-leishmanial via MTT
assay. Disc-diffusion assay was used for protein kinase inhibitory, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. Pollen was of
monad, hexacolporate, and circular shape. Lophate sculpturing with outer exine pattern elevated on the rides. Seeds were
oblong-ovate, small projected with smooth-rough, variously ridges/wrinkled sculpturing. Epidermis cells were irregular
in shape with a slightly straight anticlinal wall. Stomata with diacytic, and unicellular glandular trichome were observed.
The extracts were rich in phytochemicals, the maximum amount of phenolic and flavonoid contents was found in
methanol extract (IRM) 89.76mg GAE/gm and 85.69mg QE/gm. All the extracts show substantial antioxidant activity
but highest in IRM (DPPH IC50 44.51 μg/ml, total antioxidant capacity 93.60 mg AAE/g, and total reduction power of
93.44 mg AAE/g). Potential antibacterial and antifungal activities were reported for IRM. Significant protein kinase,
alpha-amylase inhibition, and cytotoxic activity were revealed. Dose‐dependent cytotoxic activity was exposed against
Leishmania tropica (LC50 11.16 μg/mL). In conclusion, I. rugosus extracts have shown potential biological applications
and should be subjected to further research work to develop further biomedical applications.
