English Abstract
ABSTRACT :
Background: The relationship between metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk and diet is not fully understood and has not been thoroughly investigated and defined yet. The motivation and objective of this study is to examine the relationship between biochemical biomarkers with MetS among Bahraini adults and the possible association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and dietary pattern.
Method: A cross-sectional study involving adults aged from 18 to 65 years old (n = 151) with a history of metabolic syndrome (MetS) was conducted. Blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, sociodemographic information and fasting blood samples were collected. Eighty Participants completed an online food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), an international physical activity questionnaire (IPAG), and other lifestyle questions. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the associations of dietary patterns and biochemical biomarkers with MetS and its risk factors.
Results: One hundred fifty-one participants were recruited in the study. The mean age of the participants was 53.8 ±8.3 years old, 89 (58.9%) were females while 62 (41.1%) were males diagnosed with MetS.
Regarding the association between the main MetS risk factors and specific foods consumed in Bahrain, this study highlights that there was a positive association between the increase of BMI and the increase of processed meat consumption (B=3.83, p=0.001) and negative relationship with beef (B=-4.66, p=0.001), legumes (B=-2.70, p=0.04), hamburgers (B=-5.93, p=0.01), and sambosa (B=-4.7, p=0.01). The increase of systolic blood pressure was negatively associated with rice, bread, and pasta frequency of consumption (B=-5.60, p=0.03). Also, a positive relationship was found between glucose increase and the increase of lamb consumption (B=1.86, p=0.01), as well as falafel sandwiches (B =1.55, p=0.02) and negative association with dates (B=-0.85, p=0.04). Triglycerides were positively associated with the consumption of low-fat dairy products (B=0.76, p=0.01). Moreover, a negative association was observed between HDL and increase of chicken consumption (B=-3.44, p=0.02), cheddar cheese (B=-3.89, p=0.04), ricotta and goat cheese (B= -6.29, p 0.01), chips (B= -3.89, p= 0.39) and positive association was found with falafel sandwiches (B= 3.67, p= 0.034).
Regarding the main biochemical markers associated with the MetS risk factors, this study highlights that a statistically significant positive association between glucose fasting with HbA1c (B= 0.472, p=0.01) and negative correlation with sodium (B= -0.3. p= 0.04) were observed. In addition, negative association between triglyceride and the following biomarkers (HbA1c (B=-0.29, p= 0.003), AST (B=-0.06, p=0.009), ESR (B=-0.02, p=0.014)) and there was a positive correlation between triglyceride and the following biomarkers (Cr (B= 0.01, p=0.005) and GGT (B= 0.013, p=0.001)). Also, Positive associations were noted between HDL and ESR (B=0.103, p=0.02). Regarding blood pressure, SBP was positively correlated with amylase (B=0.135, p=0.04) and vitamin B9 (B=0.665, p= 0.02) while DBP was positively correlated with ALT (B= 0.051, p=0.04).
Conclusion: Multiple dietary patterns are closely associated with MetS risk factors among Bahraini adults and some biochemical biomarkers are associated with MetS components which may use as early indicators to be addressed to minimize the risk of MetS.
Keywords: metabolic syndrome; adults; dietary pattern; food; biochemical biomarkers
