English Abstract
Summary:
This study is a descriptive study, in which the survey method and the content analysis tool were used to collect data. The study aimed to identify the most prominent features of the Bahraini press's framing of the issue of medical liability, by comparing the first time period (2013-2015) and the second time period (2016-2018). The results of the study revealed that the Bahraini press worked to employ various journalistic frameworks and forms during the first time period, to a greater extent than the second time period, in its coverage of the issue of liability. The local daily newspaper (Al-Watan) was the most interested in this issue compared to the rest of the newspapers. The results showed that (Al-Watan) employed objective images by 31.0%, and its use of colors in the headlines reached 71.1%. It was also the newspaper that covered the issue of medical liability the most on the front page by 35.3%, followed by the inside pages by 34.1%. The results showed that Al-Watan newspaper adopted the term (medical negligence) in its treatment by 39.0%, then medical error by 32.2%. This is compared to the local daily newspaper (Al-Ayyam), where the term (medical error) ranked first among the most used terms by the newspaper, at 26.8%, followed by the term (investigation and discipline) at 28.5%. The newspapers also used more than one active party in their coverage to frame the issue of medical liability, as governmental and private medical institutions ranked first with a frequency of 18.0%, while another category ranked second at 17.7%. The general percentages of mental traits frameworks came with the category (providing explanations and analyses ranked first as the most used framework at 43.1%, then the category of frameworks (providing background on medical liability incidents at 40.8%, and finally the category of frameworks reviewing legal materials and statistics) in third place at 16.1%. As for the use of emotional traits frameworks, it came to a greater degree during the first period of the study as well. The general results showed that the percentage of employing negative emotional content frames reached 63.6% compared to employing positive emotional content frames, which came at 36.4%. The general percentages of the study showed that newspapers relied on the neutral trend in most of the content they covered, at a rate of 56.5%, followed by the negative trend at a rate of 32.2%, in addition to their reliance on the category (without a source at a rate of 46.5%, then the category (editor) at a rate of 38.8% as the main sources of coverage. The category (news) came as the most editorial arts adopted by the Bahraini press in its coverage of the study issue, at a rate of 76.8%. The correlation coefficient (Spearman) was also relied upon to verify the validity of the study hypotheses, as the results confirmed that the strongest correlation was between the frameworks of mental and emotional traits, and the term medical error, as the correlation coefficient between the frameworks of providing explanations and analyses and the term medical error reached 0.738, the frameworks of reviewing legal materials and statistics and the term (medical error) reached (0.306), the frameworks of providing a background on medical liability incidents and the term medical error) (correlation coefficient - (0.699), and the frameworks of presenting negative content that affects emotion reached a correlation coefficient with the same term 0.439 and the framework for presenting positive emotional content 0.370. The results also showed a positive and statistically significant correlation between providing explanations and analyses of the medical liability issue in the Bahraini press and the following sources for framing the medical liability issue (editor, columnist). The more the Bahraini press provides explanations and analyses of the medical liability issue, the more it relies on these sources. It also showed that there is no statistically significant correlation between providing explanations and analyses of the medical liability issue and referring to a news agency.
Bahrain, and article writer as sources.
